Date
Founded
|
Seat
|
Society Name
|
|
1780 |
United States
of America
Cambridge, MA
|
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)
Website.
|
Spain
Segovia
|
Real Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País de
la Provincia de Segovia
(Royal Economic Society of the Friends of the Land of the Province of
Segovia)
[This Society was founded in 1780 and ceased around 1793.
In 1875 another society, the Sociedad Económica Segoviana de
Amigos del País was created in memory of the 1780-1793 society;
this later society appears to have existed from 1875 to about 1917.]
|
Italy
Naples
|
Reale Accademia delle Scienze e Belle-Lettere di Napoli
(Royal Academy of Sciences and Humanities of Naples)
[The Academy was founded on 1780, July 5 as the
Reale Accademia delle Scienze e Belle-Lettere di Napoli on the
basis of a sovereign resolution of 1778, June 22.
The Academy had ceased to exist by 1788.
This Academy was, to some extent, a precursor to the
Società Reale di Napoli, founded in 1808.]
|
Scotland
Edinburgh
|
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
Website
|
|
1781
|
Austria
Vienna
|
Freimaurerloge "Zur wahren Eintracht"
(Free Masonic Lodge "True Harmony")
[The Freimaurerloge "Zur wahren Eintracht" was one of few European
Masonic lodges during the Enlightenment that aspired to be, and functioned
to some degree as, scholarly societies.
It was founded on 1781, March 12, and ceased to exist independently on
1785, December 28, when it was merged with the"Zu den drey Adlern"
and "Zum Palmbaum" Lodges to form the
"Zur Wahrheit" Lodge.]
|
England
Manchester
|
Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester
[Now called: Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.]
Website
|
United States
of America
Massachusetts
|
Massachusetts Medical Society (MMS)
Website
|
|
1782 |
Italy
Modena
|
Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL
(National Academy of Scienes, known as the Forty)
[The Society was founded in 1782 as the
Società Italiana (Italian Society).
In 1867 it became the
Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL).
In 1950 it became the
Accademia Nazionale dei XL.
And by 1979 it had taken its current name,
Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL.]
Website
|
|
1783 |
Netherlands
Amsterdam
|
Amsteldamsch Dicht- en Letteroefenend Genootschap: Wij Streven naar
de Volmaaktheid
(Amsterdam Society for Poetry and Literature: We Strive for Perfection)
[This Society was founded in Amsterdam in 1783.
In 1800 it merged with two other major literary societies:
(1) Studium Scientiarum Genetrix (founded in 1773 in Rotterdam), and
(2) Kunst Wordt door Arbeid Verkreegen (founded in 1766 in Leiden)
to form the
Bataafsche Maatschappij van Taal- en Dichtkunde, which in 1806 was
renamed the
Hollandsche Maatschappij van Fraaije Kunsten en Wetenschappen
(Holland Society for Liberal Arts and Sciences).]
|
Spain
Granada
|
Real Academia de Medicina y Cirugía de Granada
(Royal Academy of Medicine and Surgery of Granada)
[The Academy was founded in 1783, according to the
Instituto de España
(see the Academias Asociadas section.]
[No website found, as of 2007, July 28.]
|
Scotland
Edinburgh
|
Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE)
[The RSE was founded on 1783, March 29.
Its precursor was the
Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, (1731-1783).]
Website
|
Switzerland
Lausanne
|
Société des Sciences Physiques de Lausanne
(Society of Physical Sciences of Lausanne)
[This Society was founded in 1783 and ceased in 1790.]
|
England
London
|
Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical
Knowledge
[This Society was founded in 1783 and was dissolved in 1818.]
|
|
1784 |
India
Calcutta
|
Asiatic Society
[The Society was founded in 1784 as the Asiatick Society.
It later had the following names:
(1) Asiatic Society;
(2) Asiatic Society;
(3) Asiatic Society of Bengal;
(4) Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal; and
(5) Asiatic Society (its current name).]
Website
|
Scotland
Edinburgh
|
Highland Society of Edinburgh
[Now called
Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland.]
Website
|
Scotland
Perth
|
Literary and Antiquarian Society of Perth
[According to the
Arts & Heritage section of the Perth & Kinross Council (PKC),
the Society was founded in 1784 and was active in research and collecting
from that time, and throughout the 19th century;
it evidently disbanded in 1914, since it handed its building and
collections over to Perth Town Council in that year.
In 1827 they published a volume of Transactions.]
|
Ireland
Dublin
|
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)
Website
|
Germany
Leipzig
|
Societas Philologica Lipsiensis =
Philologische Gesellschaft zu Leipzig
(Philological Society in Leipzig)
[The Society was founded in 1784 as the
Societas Philologica Lipsiensis =
Philologische Gesellschaft zu Leipzig.
On 1809, December 4, it was elevated to the status of a
Königliche Philologische Seminarium.
The Society edited a monograph as late as 1897,
but we have no evidence that the Society survived past 1897.]
|
|
1785
|
United States of America
Philadelphia
|
Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture
Website.
|
Ireland
Dublin
|
Royal Irish Academy (RIA) =
Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann)
Website
|
Italy
Torino
|
Accademia di Agricoltura di Torino
(Academy of Agriculture of Torino)
[The Academy was founded on 1785, May 24 as the
Società Agraria di Torino
(Agricultural Society of Torino).
It is now called Accademia di Agricoltura di Torino
(Academy of Agriculture of Torino).]
Website
|
Denmark
Copenhagen
|
Societas Disputatoria Medica Haunienis
(Medical Debating Society of Copenhagen)
[This Society was founded in 1785 and ceased in 1787.]
|
|
1786 |
Italy
Genova
|
Istituto Nazionale Ligure
(National Ligurian Institute)
[The Academy was founded in 1786 as the
Società Patria di Arti e Manifatture
(or Società Patria delle Arti e Manifatture).
It later had the names
(1) Istituto Nazionale Ligure;
(2) Istituto Lígure;
(3) Accademia Imperiale delle Scienze e Belle Arti di Genova; and
(4) Accademia delle Scienze, Lettere ed Arti di Genova.
It ceased in 1815.]
|
Switzerland
Bern
|
Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bern
(Scientific Society in Bern)
[The Society was founded in 1786 as the
Privatgesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde in Bern.
In 1815, it became the
Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bern, also known as
Naturforschende Gesellschaft Bern.]
[No website found, as of 2004, April 9.]
|
Sweden
Stockholm
|
Svenska Akademien (SA)
(Swedish Academy)
[The Academy was founded in 1786 as the Svenska Academien.
It is now called Svenska Akademien.]
Website
|
|
1787 |
United States
of America
Philadelphia
|
College of Physicians of Philadelphia (CPP)
Website
|
Denmark
Copenhagen
|
Societas Philiatrica
(Society of Medical Knowledge = Arzneykundige Gesellschaft)
[This Society was founded in 1787, and ceased in 1791.
It is not to be confused with a society of the same name founded in 1829.]
|
|
1788 |
Venezuela
Caracas
|
Colegio de Abogados del Distrito Federal
(College of Advocates of the Federal District)
Website.
|
England
London
|
Linnean Society of London (LSL)
Website
|
France
Paris
|
Société Linnéenne de Paris
(Linnean Society of Paris)
[The Society was founded in 1788, and ceased its activity with the onset
of the French Revolution.
After attempts to revive it from 1793 to 1797, it was finally
resurrected in 1820, and was active until about 1833.
A society of the same name was founded in 1866 by Baillon, but apparently
without making reference to this earlier society.]
|
France
Paris
|
Société Philomathique de Paris
(Philomathic Society of Paris)
[The Society was founded on 1788, December 10.]
Website
|
|
1789 |
Germany
Leipzig
|
Linnéische Societät zu Leipzig
(Linnean Society in Leipzig)
[This Society was founded on 1789, January 31, and was
also referred to as a
Naturforschende Privatgesellschaft zu Leipzig.
It ceased to exist soon after 1802.]
|
India
Bombay
|
Medical and Literary Society of Bombay
[This Society evidently ceased to exist before or soon after the founding in
1804 of the Literary Society of Bombay, which acquired the Library
of the Medical and Literary Society of Bombay, as described in the
Asiatic Society of Bombay history page.]
|
Denmark
Copenhagen
|
Naturhistorie-Selskabet
(Natural History Society)
[The Society was founded in 1789, and to some extent functioned as a
private university. In 1805 (or 1804) it was merged with
Det Kongelige Naturhistoriske Museum.]
|
|
1790 |
Netherlands
Amsterdam
|
Genootschap ter Bevordering van Natuur-, Genees- en Heelkunde
(Society for the Benefit of Physics, Medical Science and Surgery)
[The Society was founded on 1790, March 9 as the
Genootschap ter Bevordering der Heelkunde te Amsterdam.
In 1840 it became the
Genootschap ter Bevordering der Genees- en Heelkunde te Amsterdam.
In 1870 it became the
Genootschap tot Bevordering der Natuur-, Genees- en Heelkunde te
Amsterdam,
also known as the
Genootschap ter Bevordering van Natuur-, Genees- en Heelkunde te
Amsterdam.]
Website
|
Netherlands
Amsterdam
|
Gezelschap der Hollandsche Scheikundigen
(Society of Hollandish Chemists)
[This Society was founded in late 1790 or early 1791.
Its members were among the earliest supporters of the new chemical system
of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794).
It had effectively ceased by 1802.]
|
Germany
Regensburg
|
Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaft
(Regensburg Botanical Society)
[The Society was founded on 1790, May 14, evidently as the
Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaft.
It later had the names:
(1) Botanische Gesellschaft in Regensburg;
(2) Königliche Botanische Gesellschaft in Regensburg;
(3) Königlich-Bayerische Botanische Gesellschaft in
Regensburg; and
(4) Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaft (its current
name).]
Website
|
France
Paris
|
Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris
(Natural History Society of Paris)
[In 1790, this Society emerged from the
Société Linnéenne de Paris
(1788 - 1790?; 1820 - 1833?).
The Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris
appears to have survived until 1834.]
|
Switzerland
Geneva
|
Société des Naturalistes Genevois
(Society of Naturalists of Geneva)
[Now called Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle
de Genève
(Society of Physics and Natural History of Geneva).]
Website.
|
|
1791 |
Ireland
Dublin
|
Apothecaries' Hall
[No website found, as of 2007, July 28.]
|
United States
of America
Massachusetts
|
Massachusetts Historical Society (MHS)
Website
|
Germany
Potsdam
|
Märkische Ökonomische Gesellschaft zu Potsdam
(Margravial Economic Society in Potsdam)
[This Society was founded on 1791, August 31 as the
Märkische Ökonomische Gesellschaft zu Potsdam, also
written as the
Märkischen Oekonomischen Gesellschaft zu Potsdam.
It later had the following names:
(1) Königlich Preußische Ökonomische Gesellschaft
zu Potsdam und Frankfurt an der Oder;
(2) Königlich Preußischen Märkischen
Ökonomischen Gesellschaften zu Potsdam und Frankfurth an der Oder;
(3) Königlich-Preußische Märkische
Ökonomische Gesellschaft zu Potsdam;
(4) Landwirthschaftlicher Provinzial-Verein für die Mark
Brandenburg und Niederlausitz; and
(5) Landwirthschaftlicher Central-Verein für den
Regierungsbezirk Potsdam.
We have found no trace of its existence past 1889.]
|
United States
of America
Concord
|
New Hampshire Medical Society
Website.
|
Italy
Chiavari
|
Società Economica di Chiavari
(Economic Society of Chiavari)
[The Society was founded 1791, April 15.]
Website
|
United States
of America
New York City
|
Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts and Manufactures
[The Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts and
Manufactures was founded in New York City in 1791 as a learned
society; in 1797 the Society moved to Albany. In 1804, it changed its
name to the Society for the Promotion of Useful Arts (SPUA).
In 1824, the SPUA ceased its activities as a learned society when it
merged with the Albany Lyceum of Natural History (a museum founded
in 1823) to become the Albany Institute, a museum that exists to
the present day.]
|
|
1792 |
France
Paris
|
Athenée des Arts de Paris
(Athenaeum of Arts of Paris)
[The Athenaeum was founded in 1792 as the Lycée des Arts de Paris.
In 1802 it became the
Athenée des Arts de Paris and functioned as a scholarly society.
Around 1834, it began using the name
Athenée des Arts, Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Paris.
It survived until 1866.]
|
United States
of America
Philadelphia
|
Chemical Society of Philadelphia
[The Society was founded in 1792 and ceased to exist, probably around 1803.]
|
England
Exeter
|
Literary Society in Exeter =
Society of Gentlemen at Exeter
[The Society was founded in 1792 and ceased to exist in 1808.]
|
Livonia
Riga, then Dorpat
|
Livländische Gemeinnützige und Ökonomische
Sozietät
(Livonian Public Welfare and Economic Society)
[This Society was founded in Riga on 1792, October 18 and moved to Dorpat
[now known as Tartu, Estonia] in 1813.
It has had the following names:
(1) Livländische Gemeinnützige und Oekonomische
Societät;
(2) Liefländische Gemeinnützige und Ökonomische
Societät;
(3) Kaiserliche, Livländische, Gemeinnützige und
Ökonomische Sozietät in Dorpat;
(4) Kaiserliche Livländische Gemeinnützige und
Oekonomische Societät;
(5) Kaiserliche Livländische Gemeinnützige und
Ökonomische Sozietät; and
(6) Livländische Gemeinnützige und Ökonomische
Sozietät.
In 1939, the Society was dissolved.]
|
United States
of America
Massachusetts
|
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture (MSPA)
[The Society was responsible for numerous scholarly publications,
primarily in the 19th century
(
Harvard Univ. cat.).
The headquarters of the Society are the
Timothy Pickering Library in the
Wenham Museum
(see the section entitled The Collections).]
[No website found, as of 2007, July 28.]
|
Spain
Zaragoza
|
Real Academia de Nobles y Bellas Artes de San Luis
(Royal Academy of Noble and Fine Arts of San Luis)
[The Academy was founded on 1792, April 17.]
Website
|
France
Rouen
|
Société Libre d'Émulation de la
Seine-Maritime
(Free Competitive Society of Seine-Maritime)
[The Society was founded in 1792.
We do not have its founding name, but we know that by 1797 it was called
Société d'Émulation de Rouen
(Competitive Society of Rouen).
It went through a number of name changes in the 19th century, and in 1982
became the
Société Libre d'Émulation de la Seine-Maritime.]
Website
|
|
1793 |
England
|
Board of Agriculture
[Despite its name, this was a chartered society.
It was founded in 1793, and ceased in 1822.
It was, in some sense, a precursor to the
Royal Agricultural Society of England.]
|
Netherlands
Den Haag
|
Koninklijke Maatschappij voor Natuurkunde onder de Zinspreuk
Diligentia
(Royal Society for Science with the Motto "Diligentia")
Website
|
Germany
Jena
|
Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Jena
(Natural Science Society in Jena)
[This Society was founded on 1793, July 14; it ceased in 1850.]
|
|
1794 |
England
London
|
Society for Philosophical Experiments and Conversations
[This so-called Society was more a course of lectures given by one person,
Bryan Higgins, M.D. (1737?-1820),
than it was a society in the received sense, and its publication, the
Minutes, was more a syllabus for the course than it was a
journal that published articles by a number of people.
Nevertheless,
Reuss treats it as a society and indexes the articles in its
publication.
The course began in 1794 and was not continued past 1796.]
|
|
1795
|
France
Paris
|
Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques (ASMP)
(Academy of Ethics and Political Science)
[The Academy was created in 1795 as one of three classes within the
Institut de France.
It was eliminated in 1803 in the reorganization of the Institut
by Napoleon.
It was restored in 1832 by François Guizot.]
Website.
|
France
Paris
|
Institut de France
(Institute of France)
[The Institut was founded in 1795 as the
Institut National des Sciences et Arts
(National Institute of Sciences and Arts).
It went through a number of name changes in the 19th century (mostly
related to regime change in France), until it took its current name,
Institut de France (Institute of France), in 1871.]
Website.
|
Netherlands
Leeuwarden
|
Natuurkundig Genootschap te Leeuwarden
(Physical Society of Leeuwarden)
[This society appears to have existed until at least 1959, according to
the archives section of the website of the
Historisch Centrum Leeuwarden
(choose Onderzoek, then Overzicht collecties,
then Overzicht Archieven).
Some historical detail on the Society is given in an
article by Ilja Nieuwland.]
[No website found, as of 2007, July 28.]
|
Italy
Trento
|
Società Filarmonica di Trento
(Philharmonic Society of Trento)
[The Society is membership-based, and is involved not only in the
organizing of concerts, but also the cultivation of musicological
research.]
Website
|
|
1796 |
France
Paris
|
Académie Nationale de Pharmacie (ANP)
(National Academy of Pharmacy)
[The Academy was founded in 1796 as the
Société Libre des Pharmaciens de Paris
(Free Society of Pharmacists of Paris).
In 1803 it became the Société de Pharmacie de Paris;
in 1946 it became the Académie de Pharmacie;
and in 1979, it became the
Académie Nationale de Pharmacie.]
Website
|
France
Paris
|
Société de Médecine de Paris
(Society of Medicine of Paris)
[The Society was founded on 1796, March 22 as the
Société de Santé de Paris
(Society of Health of Paris).
In 1797, it was renamed Société de Médecine de
Paris.]
Website
|
France
Paris
|
Société Médicale d'Émulation de
Paris
(Competitive Medical Society of Paris)
[We have found no evidence that the Society survived past 1877.]
|
Sweden
Stockholm
|
Kungliga Krigsvetenskapsakademien
(Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences)
[This Academy was founded in 1796 as the
Svenska Krigsmanna Sällskapet
(Swedish War Sciences Association).
It is now called Kungliga Krigsvetenskapsakademien
(Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences).]
Website
|
|
1797
|
Germany
Jena
|
Großherzogliche Societät für die gesammte Mineralogie
in Jena
(Grand-Ducal Society for General Mineralogy in Jena)
[The
Großherzogliche Societät für die gesammte Mineralogie
was founded in Jena in 1797 and existed until 1885.
It was also known as the
(1) Societät für die Gesammte Mineralogie zu Jena;
(2) Herzogliche Societät für die Gesammte Mineralogie in
Jena; and
(3) Großherzoglich-S. Societät für die Gesammte
Mineralogie in Jena.]
|
Canada
Toronto
|
Law Society of Upper Canada (LSUC) =
Barreau du Haut-Canada (BHC)
Website
|
United States
of America
Baltimore, Maryland
|
Maryland Academy of Sciences (MAS)
[No website found, as of 2007, July 28.]
|
Germany
Hannover
|
Naturhistorische Gesellschaft Hannover (NGH)
(Natural History Society of Hannover)
[This Society was founded in 1797, and at some point prior to 1851 it was
called the
Verein zur Gründung eines Naturhistorischen Museums zu
Hannover.
In 1851 it became the
Naturhistorische Gesellschaft zu Hannover.
At some point between 1973 and 1986 it became the
Naturhistorische Gesellschaft Hannover
(Natural History Society of Hannover).]
[No website found, as of 2003, December 4.]
|
France
Abbeville, Somme
|
Société d'Émulation d'Abbeville
(Competitive Society of Abbeville)
[The Society was founded on 1797, October 4, evidently as the
Société d'Émulation d'Abbeville.
Later it had the following names:
(1) Société Royale d'Émulation d'Abbeville;
(2) Société Impériale d'Émulation
d'Abbeville;
(3) Société d'Émulation Historique et
Littéraire d'Abbeville; and
(4) Société d'Émulation d'Abbeville (its
current name).]
[No website found, as of 2007, July 28.]
|
|
1798 |
Scotland
Glasgow
|
Chemical Society of Glasgow
[This Society was founded in 1798, according to p. 451 of
Wilson, Forsyth J. The Chemical Society of Glasgow: Minute Book of
1800-1801. Annals of Science (1937) 2(4): 451-459.
The latter source also makes it clear that it existed until at least 1801.
NOTE: This Society may have been absorbed in 1803 by the
Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh (founded in 1771 as the
Physico-Chirurgical Society).
The
Strathclyde University Archives, or
a contemporaneous Encyclopaedia Britannia may shed some
light here.]
|
Germany
Brockhausen, Westphalia
|
Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Westphalens
(Society of Researching Friends in Westphalia)
[This Society was founded in 1798.
It was known variously as
(1) Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Westphalens;
(2) Westphälische Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Brockhausen; and
(3) Königlich-Preußisch-Westphälische Naturforschende
Gesellschaft.
We have found no trace of its existence past 1806.]
|
Egypt
Cairo
|
Institut d'Égypte
(Institute of Egypt)
[The Institut d'Égypte was founded by Napoleon Buonaparte
in Cairo on 1798, August 22, less than two months after the French
expedition had landed at Alexandria.
The British victory in 1801, June forced the members of the Institut to
return to France, to the bosom of the Institut de France.
This appears to have ended the formal existence of the
Institut d'Égypte, although for several years afterward,
scholars who had previously been members of the Institut d'Égypte
continued to publish findings that stemmed from their activities as
members of that body.]
|
|
1799 |
United States
of America
Connecticut
|
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences (CAAS)
Website
|
United Kingdom
London
|
Royal Institution of Great Britain
Website
|
France
Montpellier
|
Société de Médecine Pratique de Montpellier
(Society of Practical Medicine of Montpellier)
[The Society was founded on 1799, February 15.
Its name was also spelled
Société de Médecine-Pratique de Montpellier.
We have found no trace of its existence after 1848.]
|
France
Doubs
|
Société départementale d'Agriculture du
Doubs
(Departmental Society of Agriculture of Doubs)
[The Society was founded 1799, April 15 (26 Germinal An VII of the French
Revolutionary calendar) as the
Société Libre d'Agriculture, Commerce et Arts du
département du Doubs.
It later had the names:
(1) Société d'Agriculture et Arts du
département du Doubs;
(2) Société d'Agriculture, Sciences Naturelles et
Arts du Doubs; and
(3) Société départementale d'Agriculture du
Doubs.
It is not clear whether this Society is still in existence.]
|
